A research group led by Prof. YANG Yong from the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has revealed the role of neighboring adsorbate and quantum tunneling in the diffusion of hydrogen on graphene surface, which opens a possible way for ultrahigh precision measurement based on atomic systems, in particular, exploring the existence of a minimum length.

The results were published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

Hydrogen, the lightest element, exhibits quantum motion known as the nuclear quantum effect in its dynamical processes. The study conducted by YANG's team demonstrates the crucial role of quantum tunneling in the activation of hydrogen dissociation and diffusion processes on copper surfaces. On graphene surfaces, hydrogen shows different aggregation states depending on the coverage.

To study the diffusion of hydrogen in various aggregation states on graphene surface, the researchers used first-principles calculations together with the transfer matrix method. They examined the quantum tunneling effects on hydrogen diffusion by calculating transmission probabilities, rate constants, and diffusion coefficients, considering hydrogen atoms as classical and quantum particles, respectively.

The adsorption of hydrogen atoms on neighboring adsorption sites will significantly change the kinetic properties of the diffusing hydrogen atoms on graphene surface. The interaction between neighboring hydrogen atoms was found to be a key factor leading to the variation of the diffusion barrier height. In the diffusion of hydrogen atoms in different aggregation states, the comparison of the diffusion probability, reaction rate constant and diffusion coefficient of hydrogen as classical particle and quantum particles show that quantum tunneling plays a key role in the diffusion at room temperature and below. Even in the higher temperature region (around 600 K), the contribution is still not negligible.

"Our results provide new insights into understanding the diffusion dynamics of hydrogen atoms on the graphene surface," said Prof. YANG.

Quantum tunneling of hydrogen on graphene surface (left) and comparison of diffusion coefficients in classical and quantum processes (right). (Image by YANG Yong)